96 m2 /g, resp.) and pore volume (0.087 and 0.097 cm3 /g, resp.) connected to mussel shell. It can be seen that the heterogeneous catalyst resulted in a strong raise within the active web sites [15]. This assumption is supported by the SEM images of catalyst. 3.two. Impact of Reaction Variables. The yield of biodiesel was affected by reaction variables, such as reaction time, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, and reusability of catalyst. The reaction variables were related using the type of catalysts applied [16]. Hence, the effect of reaction variables was studied within the presence of waste shellderived catalyst. For the following reactions, all the catalysts had been ready by calcinning waste shells at 1,000 C for four h. The impact of reaction time on the conversion of palm oil to biodiesel was investigated. Reaction time is amongst the essential parameters during the transesterification carried out in glass reactor. Figure 5 shows an increase inside the yield with time from two to three h using a catalyst amount of 10 wt. relative to oil and also a methanol/oil molar ratio of 9 : 1. The maximum yields of 97.23, 94.47, and 96.68 have been obtained in 4 h at 65 C for mussel, cockle and scallop shell, respectively. Within the initial stages on the transesterification reaction, production of biodiesel was fast, and the rate diminished and finally100 95 90 85 80 75 70 1 two three four five Reaction time (h) 6Mussel shell Cockle shell Scallop shellFigure five: Impact of reaction time on yield of biodiesel.reached equilibrium [17] in about 4 h. This could be explained by that transesterification reaction involving oil and alcohol is reversible, when the reaction time is long sufficient [18]. Generally, the reaction temperature can influence the reaction price and yield of biodiesel. The transesterification of triglyceride (TG) with methanol to methyl ester was carriedThe Scientific World Journal100Yield of biodieselYield of biodiesel 45 50 55 60 65 Reaction temperature ( C) 7060 3 6 9 12 15 Methanol/oil molar ratio 18Mussel shell Cockle shell Scallop shellMussel shell Cockle shell Scallop shellFigure six: Impact of reaction temperature on yield of biodiesel.Figure 7: Effect of methanol/oil molar ratio on yield of biodiesel.out over the catalysts of CaO at reaction temperature 50?70 C. The yields of biodiesel just after 3 h of reaction time are shown as a function of temperature in Figure 6. The yields of biodiesel had been certainly increasing from 76.85 to 95.90 for mussel shell, 63.83 to 94.13 for cockle shell, and 70.14 to 95.44 for scallop shell with all the increasing temperature from 50 to 65 C. The effect of reaction temperature on advertising transesterification is usually explained on account of endothermic reaction [18].Formula of 92220-65-0 The highest yield rate was obtained in the reaction temperature of 65 C.Methyl 1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylate structure When the reaction temperature continued to enhance over 65 C, the yield of biodiesel was decreased.PMID:23789847 The reaction temperature consumedly exceeds the boiling point of methanol for instance 70 C, as well as the methanol will promptly vaporize and form a big number of bubbles, which inhibits the reaction on the two-phase interface [19]. Furthermore, to be able to save energy, it’s necessary to pick out the relative low temperature. As a result, the optimum reaction temperature for the transesterification of TG to methyl ester is thought of to be around 65 C. The excess of methanol is required because it could enhance the rate of methanolysis. Ordinarily, stoichiometric molar ratio of methanol to TG is close to 6 : 1 when.